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Epictetus (c. 50–135 CE) was a Greek Stoic philosopher born into slavery in the Roman Empire. After gaining his freedom, he became one of Stoicism’s most influential teachers, arguing that true freedom comes from mastering your own mind rather than controlling your circumstances.

Although Epictetus wrote nothing himself, his teachings were recorded by his student Arrian in the Discourses and Enchiridion. He taught that we should focus on what lies within our control—our thoughts, choices, and character—and meet everything else with acceptance and resilience. His ideas influenced generations of thinkers, from Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius to modern psychology, particularly cognitive behavioral therapy.

Painting: Daybreak, 1922, by Maxfield Parrish (1870–1966)